The end of T+2 settlement.
Zero counterparty risk.
Leave behind the inefficiency of SWIFT messaging. Exchange CBDCs and Real World Assets (RWA) in 3 seconds with guaranteed DvP (Delivery vs Payment) execution. If any part of the deal fails, the transaction reverts automatically.
Global finance is
broken on three levels.
SWIFT, Ethereum, and traditional banking share the same root problem: architectures that weren't designed for 21st-century digital money.
SWIFT: T+2 Settlement
Banks still use 1970s messaging. Asset settlement takes 2 days, generates massive manual reconciliation, and exposes institutions to counterparty bankruptcy risk. In 2024, this is unacceptable.
EVM: Blind and Hackable Code
Ethereum treats tokens as variables in a contract. A single code error can drain billions. Banks cannot demand 'Blind Signing' from their executives. Over $3.8B stolen in DeFi hacks in 2022.
Compliance: No Native Traceability
Current blockchains don't allow KYC/AML holding restrictions natively. Implementing MiCA, DORA, or Travel Rule requires costly middleware layers that add attack vectors.
T+0 → Atomic DvP
Settlement in ~3 seconds with a guarantee to revert if any end fails. No intermediaries. No counterparty risk.
ROA → No Reentrancy
Assets are physical memory objects. Impossible to duplicate or steal balances. Transaction Manifests are human-readable.
Auth Zones → Native KYC
Issue assets with on-ledger restrictions. Only idOS-verified users can receive them. 100% auditable AML traceability.
Financial infrastructure that
speaks the language of risk.
Every architecture decision in Radix was made thinking of the real needs of institutional treasuries, regulators, and compliance teams.
Atomic DvP (Delivery vs Payment)
Exchange Bonds, CBDCs, and RWAs in a single atomic transaction. If any leg fails, everything reverts. Counterparty risk mathematically equal to zero. Goodbye to SWIFT's T+2.
Human-Readable Manifests (No Blind Signing)
Executives don't approve opaque code. The Transaction Manifest is a document of intentions in natural language. Internal audit compliance guaranteed.
Native MiCA, DORA and AML Compliance
Auth Zones allow restricting asset holding to wallets with verified KYC (idOS). Travel Rule and AML are implemented at the base layer, not in external middleware.
Institutional Multisig Without Smart Contracts
Native Smart Accounts with 2-of-3 or N-of-M rules for corporate treasuries. No auditable external code, no additional attack vectors. Secure governance for executives.
RWA Tokenization with Physical Guarantees
Real estate, corporate bonds, and gold tokenized with 1:1 backing guaranteed by ROA. Impossible to fragment due to code error. Total balance integrity at all times.
Zero-Risk Institutional Flash Loans
Arbitrage and instant liquidity provision in one transaction. If funds are not returned at the end of the pipeline, the entire operation reverts. Treasury management with no exposure.
Mutable NFTs for Financial Contracts
Bonds with states that mutate on-ledger: Active → Expired → Redeemed. Without recreating contracts. Ideal for representing complex financial instruments with a full lifecycle.
100% Auditable Traceability
Every transaction has a readable Manifest. The trail of funds is visible to regulators, auditors, and compliance. Banking dashboards with real-time data via Gateway Network.
Radix vs. the competition.
No ambiguities.
| Feature | SWIFT | Ethereum (EVM) | Solana | Radix |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asset settlement | T+2 days | ~15 sec (partial T+0) | ~0.4 sec (no atomicity) | ~3 sec Atomic DvP |
| DeFi hack risk | N/A (centralized) | High (Reentrancy, ERC-20 bugs) | High (compromised keys) | 0% by design (ROA/FSM) |
| Native KYC/AML | External manual | Third-party middleware | Third-party middleware | Auth Zones + native idOS |
| Transaction readability | Opaque SWIFT messages | Blind Signing (hex code) | Blind Signing | Natural language Manifests |
| Scalability | Centralized | ~30 TPS (L1) | ~65k TPS (no sharding) | Millions TPS (Cerberus Sharding) |
| MiCA Compliance | N/A | Costly external adaptation | Costly external adaptation | Native at base layer |
| Programming language | Proprietary | Solidity (unsafe) | Rust (complex) | Scrypto (Rust + Asset-Oriented) |
| Wallet / End-user UX | Centralized banking app | MetaMask (seed phrases) | Phantom (seed phrases) | Smart Wallet (biometrics + social recovery) |
Asset settlement
DeFi hack risk
Native KYC/AML
Transaction readability
Scalability
MiCA Compliance
Programming language
Wallet / End-user UX
Build DeFi without fear.
Scrypto changes everything.
Scrypto's Asset-Oriented paradigm eliminates 90% of DeFi vulnerabilities by design. Stop reimplementing ERC-20 and start building real business logic.
32 innovations redefining
global finance.
The Radix tech stack was built from scratch, layer by layer, to solve real problems for financial institutions.
THE PROBLEM: SWIFT (T+2)
Current banks use messaging (SWIFT). Asset settlement takes days (T+2). It requires massive manual reconciliation and creates high counterparty risk (bankruptcies).
THE RISK OF THE EVM
Ethereum treats tokens as variables in a contract, besides requiring "Blind Signing". A code error drains all funds. Security unacceptable for Bonds/CBDCs.
SCRYPTO (ASSET-ORIENTED)
The Scrypto language (based on Rust) changes the paradigm. Tokens are not variables in lists, they are native "First-Class Resources" of the VM. Reduces 90% of code and financial bugs.
ROA SECURITY (FSM)
Resource-Oriented Architecture (ROA). Money is a physical object in RAM (FSM). It travels in Buckets from one Vault to another. Impossible to hack balances (Anti-Reentrancy).
Passwordless: Badges + ROLA
No more msg.sender. Radix authenticates via Badges (physical NFTs) and ROLA — a decentralized PassKeys-like protocol that proves account ownership cryptographically without exposing private keys.
NATIVE KYC AND IDOS
Integration of Auth Zones with decentralized identity systems like idOS. Banks transfer assets only to users who present the required KYC proof (Anti-AML).
DEFI PERMISSIONS (RBAC)
Native granular control. Tokens define precise roles (Minter, Burner, Withdrawer) assigned using Badges as access keys, eliminating complex Smart Contract logic.
SMART WALLET (NO SEEDS)
The Radix Wallet is a native Smart Account. It doesn't force you to save 24-word seeds. If you lose your mobile, you activate recovery (MFA) with security questions or friends. Traditional banking UX.
TRANSACTION MANIFESTS
Banks don't approve blind code. The Radix Manifest is a readable and atomic "intensions" document generated by the client. Replaces the creation of Smart Contracts.
PRE-AUTHORIZATIONS
End of ERC-20 "Infinite Approvals". Smart Accounts allow pre-authorizing limited payments per session. Funds are never exposed to third-party contracts.
CORPORATE TREASURY
Native Institutional Governance. Smart Accounts allow establishing complex multisig policies for executives, without resorting to external Smart Contracts prone to hacks.
TRACEABILITY (MICA COMPLIANCE)
Institutions need to know the origin and destination of every fund. Radix Manifests make the money trail 100% readable and auditable by regulators (AML).
RWA TOKENIZATION
Real World Assets. Tokenizing gold or real estate requires strict auditing. By using ROA, the RWA is 1:1 backed and cannot be subdivided by code error. Total balance integrity.
MUTABLE NFTS (CONTRACTS)
Unlike EVM, NFTs in Radix have state fields (e.g., Active -> Expired) that mutate safely On-Ledger, ideal for reflecting live financial contracts and identities.
NATIVE LIQUIDITY POOLS
In EVM, AMMs are Smart Contracts prone to vulnerabilities. In Radix, Liquidity Pools are native components (Blueprints) of the Engine. Minimized risk for providing bank liquidity.
ATOMIC FLASH LOANS
Loans without collateral inside 1 transaction. Institutions can arbitrage or provide liquidity with Zero Risk. If at the end of the line the money is not returned, the whole operation reverts.
VALIDATOR NETWORK (DPOS)
Radix is a public DLT operated by a decentralized network of high-performance Validator Nodes. They take on the weight of Cerberus ensuring institutional immutability.
NATIVE PROTOCOL STAKING
Token delegation (Staking) is executed at the engine level, without sending funds to third-party Smart Contracts. 100% guaranteed security for treasuries looking for yield.
LIQUID STAKING UNITS (LSU)
When staking, the network natively mints an LSU (Liquid Staking Unit). It is a physical receipt representing your deposit and interest earned, highly liquid for use as collateral.
DEVELOPER ROYALTIES
Radix integrates monetization into the Ledger. Banks can reuse complex modules (Blueprints) and the creator receives a micro-payment per use automatically. B2B Fintech Market.
SECURE WRAPPED ASSETS
Tokenization of assets from other networks (ETH/BTC). Once wrapped in Radix, they inherit all ROA security as physical resources. Protects external institutional liquidity.
INTEROPERABILITY (HYPERLANE)
Connection with global institutional liquidity. Integration with modular permissionless bridges. Allows banks to move capital between Radix and 150+ blockchains securely.
GATEWAY NETWORK
Classic chains require TheGraph (lento). Radix integrates a decentralized Gateway Network that indexes and serves rich data instantly. Key for interfaces and bank dashboards.
MILITARY GRADE SECURITY
The Radix ROA mathematical model allows for strict Formal Verification. Banks can mathematically prove that the code will never fail under any scenario.
STATE: INFINITE SHARDING
Radix state space is pre-sharded into $2^{256}$ Shards. An infinite amount. Your bank account and mine live on separate islands. The global state doesn't lock.
MASSIVE PARALLELISM
Since accounts are in separate Shards, non-overlapping transactions run simultaneously. No bottlenecks. Avoids global congestions ("Gas Wars").
CERBERUS (CROSS-SHARD)
Cerberus Consensus "braids" the Shards. Uses a "3-Phase Commit" (Propose ➔ Prepare ➔ Commit) to join transactions across different Shards while maintaining Atomic Composability.
CASSANDRA RESEARCH LABS
Project Cassandra. Studied alongside UC Davis Univ. Radix put its sharding under global academic scrutiny to prove its security before launching Mainnet and bank adoption.
ATOMIC SETTLEMENT (DvP)
Institutional "Delivery vs Payment" (DvP). Cerberus swaps assets (Bond ⮀ CBDC) in ~3 seconds. If one side fails, the whole operation aborts. Counterparty risk reduced to Zero (T+0).
XI'AN NETWORK: HYPERSCALE
The Xi'an update activates total Sharding. By adding more nodes, the network increases its capacity linearly. Enough to absorb the Txs from the entire banking and consumer network.
GLOBAL FINANCIAL SYSTEM
A single Public Network (Shared Ledger). Institutions, users, and developers unified. Total interconnectivity without fragile L2 bridges. The final network on which to build finance.
THE CRYPTO TRILEMMA, SOLVED
Radix rebuilt the entire Tech Stack. From Scrypto (Programming) to Cerberus (Consensus). It is the only Layer-1 network natively prepared for Banks and Web3 Finance.
The first wallet that
can't ruin you.
Forget complex seed phrases and opaque transactions. The Radix Wallet is natively integrated with the network, offering a secure, readable, and truly personal experience.
No Seed Phrases
Biometric authentication and native social recovery. Your account is a Smart Contract at the base layer, not a key pair.
Radix Connect (P2P)
Securely link your mobile to your PC browser. No hackable extensions. dApps communicate directly with your phone.
Transaction Manifests
The wallet shows you exactly what will enter and exit your account before signing. The end of Blind Signing.
Personas and Badges
Manage multiple identities (Personas) and credentials (Badges) for passwordless Web3 logins.
ROLA Authentication
Radix Off-Ledger Auth: dApps verify your account ownership cryptographically without exposing private keys. Like PassKeys, but decentralized and backed by the Radix Network.
How to acquire XRD,
the native token of Radix.
XRD is the network's utility token. It is used to pay fees, participate in validator staking, and as collateral in the Radix DeFi ecosystem.
Step by Step Guide
Download the Radix Wallet
Available on iOS and Android. No seed phrases. No complexity. Onboarding in 2 minutes with biometrics.
Create your account
The Smart Account is created automatically. Activate social recovery or with hardware wallet (Ledger).
Buy XRD on an Exchange
Acquire XRD on any of the listed exchanges. Most popular: Bitfinex, Gate.io, KuCoin, Kraken.
Transfer to your Radix Wallet
Copy your Radix address (starts with "account_rdx1...") and withdraw from the exchange. It will arrive in ~3 seconds.
Stake and earn yield
Delegate XRD to validators from the wallet. You'll receive LSUs (liquid receipts) and APY from day 1. No forced lockup.
Exchanges where to buy XRD
Institutional tip: For large positions, consider direct OTC. Contact the Radix team for institutional liquidity.
XRD Token Utilities
Learn to use XRD
From staking to native DeFi, these tools will guide you step by step through the entire Radix ecosystem.
XRD Staking
Delegate your XRD to trusted validators via the Dashboard and earn network emissions. You need a minimum of 100 XRD to start. You receive LSUs (Liquid Staking Units) that you can use as liquid collateral while still earning rewards.
Staking DashboardLiquidity Pools
Provide liquidity on DEXs like Ociswap, DefiPlaza, or CaviarNine and earn trading fees. DefiPlaza uses CALM to reduce impermanent loss. CaviarNine offers LSU Pools for extra yield on your staked tokens.
OciswapGumball Club
An interactive playground to experience Web3 with the Radix Wallet. Acquire GC Tokens, buy Gumballs and Candy, and learn hands-on how native assets and asset-oriented programming with Scrypto work.
Gumball ClubRadQuest
Gamified onboarding platform for new users. Complete quests, earn XRD and unique NFTs, and learn about Smart Accounts, Personas, native assets, and human-readable transactions — all from your phone.
RadQuestThe most secure vault
that exists in Web3.
ROA (Resource-Oriented Architecture) is not just a programming model. It is a mathematical guarantee that assets cannot disappear due to coding errors.
The EVM Problem
On Ethereum and Solana, tokens don't physically exist; they are just numbers in a ledger (Smart Contract). To send tokens, you must give the contract permission to modify your balance. This opens the door to reentrancy attacks, infinite approvals, and wallet drains.
balances[recipient] += amount;
// Vulnerability: If the contract is hacked, all balances are lost.
The Radix Solution (ROA)
The Radix Engine uses the Radix Object Architecture (ROA). Assets are first-class physical resources. They are kept in "Vaults" inside your account. To send tokens, you physically take them out of your Vault and put them in the recipient's.
recipient_account.deposit(payment);
// Security: Impossible to create out of thin air or lose in limbo. The Engine prevents it.
Native DeFi that competes
with banks
These dApps operate with real atomic composability on Radix Engine. No bridges, no rollups, no fragmentation. They are the decentralized alternative to traditional financial services.
Ociswap
Decentralized exchange with concentrated liquidity, ultra-low fees, and near-instant execution thanks to Cerberus. Native integration with Radix Wallet and Transaction Manifests.
Visit OciswapDefiPlaza
Multi-token AMM with the CALM (Concentration-Asymmetric Liquidity Model) that drastically reduces impermanent loss. Migrated from Ethereum, operates natively on Radix.
Visit DefiPlazaCaviarNine
Complete DeFi suite: Aggregator unifying liquidity from all sources, LSU Pools for yield on staked tokens, Order Book with limit orders, and configurable multi-token Index Pools.
Visit CaviarNineSecure Interoperability
Connecting Radix to the World
Radix is integrated with Hyperlane, the leading permissionless interoperability protocol. This allows moving liquidity and data between Radix and 150+ blockchains securely and efficiently.
What is Hyperlane?
Hyperlane is a universal interoperability layer connecting modular and monolithic blockchains. Unlike traditional bridges, Hyperlane allows developers to customize their security model (Interchain Security Modules - ISMs).
Unified Liquidity
Move USDC, ETH, and other important assets to and from Radix without friction.
Cross-Chain Messaging
Call smart contracts on other chains directly from Scrypto.
Modular Security
Choose who verifies inter-chain messages (DPoS, Multi-Sig, ZK).
Securing the Radix Network
Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS)
Radix uses a Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) consensus mechanism called Cerberus. Validators process transactions and secure the network, while delegators stake their XRD to back them.
Active Validators
Nodes that participate in consensus and propose blocks.
Annual Emission
Rewards distributed among validators and delegators.
Staking APY
Estimated annual yield from delegating XRD to validators.
Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS)
XRD holders delegate stake to validators to earn rewards. No forced lockup. LSUs are immediately liquid.
Cerberus Cross-Shard
Validators coordinate the 3-Phase Commit for cross-shard transactions maintaining full atomicity and fast finality.
Institutional Validators
Banks can operate their own validator nodes to participate directly in network security and operational independence.
Liquid Staking Units (LSUs)
When you delegate XRD on Radix, you receive LSUs (Liquid Staking Units) in return. These tokens represent your stake and accumulated rewards.
- ✓ Liquid: Use them in DeFi while still earning staking.
- ✓ Native: Managed by the Engine, not by external Smart Contracts.
- ✓ Secure: Impossible to lose your funds through a contract hack.
The man who solved the problem.
And the community that made it happen.
The Radix community is going through a historic moment: after the public test of 500k+ TPS, the transition to full community governance, and the development of Xi'an in Rust, the ecosystem is now built 100% in a decentralized manner. Below, the milestones and objectives that define this movement.
Active Community Council
1,151 accounts holding over a billion tokens voted to elect the council that now leads the transition towards total ecosystem decentralization.
Xi'an: The Final Network in Rust
A volunteer developer team is building Xi'an from scratch in Rust, the commercial-grade network Dan designed that will replace the current Java node.
Gateway & Wallet Blueprints
All critical infrastructure — Gateway API, Radix Wallet, and development tools — has been transferred and is now independently maintained by the community.
Native DeFi Without Bridges
dApps like Ociswap, DefiPlaza, and CaviarNine operate natively on Radix Engine with real atomic composability. No bridges. No rollups. No fragmentation.
XRD: Programmatic Deflation
With a decreasing emission model and fee burning, XRD is positioned as a long-term deflationary asset, aligning incentives for stakers, validators, and developers.
An Obsession with True Scale
Dan Hughes grew up in Stoke-on-Trent - a former mining town in England where weekends meant working men's clubs, darts, and lager. His dad was a bus driver. He got his first computer at five.
By his mid-thirties, he'd become obsessed with a question: Can crypto actually scale? Not the marketing version of scale. Not 'we did a lot of TPS on a benchmark with the hard parts turned off.' Real scale. The kind where you can run the entire global financial system on a single, unified network without cheating.
Public 500k+ TPS Test
In January 2026, 590+ volunteer nodes on commodity hardware demonstrated 500,000+ sustained TPS with 800k peaks, executing real swaps with cross-shard atomicity across 128 shards.
Plotting the Death of Blockchain
The result was called Cerberus. A consensus protocol that lets complex transactions - swaps, multi-step DeFi operations - execute across any number of shards and settle as one single, instant, atomic transaction. One unified ledger. No bridges. No rollups. No fragments.
The Industry Silence
On July 27, 2025 - three days after his 46th birthday, Dan died from natural causes at home. The crypto world barely noticed. No trending hashtags. No memorial pumps. Just a blog post from his team and silence from an industry that talks endlessly about decentralisation but couldn't recognise the man who might have actually solved it.
Dan had done something most founders never do: he prepared the project to continue without him. Not because he expected his death, but because he thought about a future where the project would not depend on his presence. He designed the technology so it could keep existing even after he was gone.
Making the Foundation Obsolete
What's happening now is equally remarkable. The foundation is handing over the entire project to the community. Not someday. Now. They went from 70 staff to 14. A community-elected council now guides the transition - voted in by 1,151 accounts holding over a billion tokens.
500,000+ Transactions Per Second
A community member named Timan stepped in to lead testing. Taking something this complex from 'one person understood it' to 'reproducible at scale by anyone' still took months of painstaking work. 100,000 TPS. Then 250,000. Then 400,000. Then January 2026. The public test.
Radix vs. the global industry
- SWIFT processes ~40M txs/day (~460/sec).
- Visa processes ~1,700 txs/sec.
- Solana handles ~1,200 real swaps/sec.
- Ethereum processes ~15-30 txs/sec (L1).
- PayPal/Mastercard process ~1,000-2,000 txs/sec.
- Radix demonstrated 500k+ complex swaps without breaking atomicity, scaling linearly.
Sharding & DeFi Fragmentation
Here's the problem he was solving, in plain language. When a blockchain gets too busy, you split it into pieces called 'shards.' Every major project does this. But when you split the ledger, you break something critical: the ability for one transaction to interact with data on another shard instantly and atomically.
Xi'an: Community-Built
Community developers aren't just maintaining what Dan left behind - they're building what comes next. Xi'an, the commercial-grade production network Dan designed as the endgame, is now being constructed by the community themselves in Rust. The explicit goal: make the foundation unnecessary. Just as Dan always intended.
Why invest in Radix?
For banking institutions and investors, Radix presents a unique opportunity: the first Layer-1 DLT infrastructure truly designed from the ground up for the global financial system. With native atomic composability, MiCA-compatible regulatory compliance by design (KYC/AML on-chain), instant T+0 settlement, military-grade security through its granular resource-level authorization and pre-authorization model, and publicly proven scalability that exceeds competitors like SWIFT, Visa, Mastercard, Revolut, PayPal and any other existing payment network by orders of magnitude, Radix is the foundation for building the next generation of financial products.
If you're a developer interested in building on the most advanced DLT technology, join the community. You can get in touch directly via Telegram and start contributing to the Blueprints code.
The Path to
Global Adoption
Over 10 years of R&D. Each era solves fundamental problems of decentralized finance.
Cassandra & Xi'an
Estimated Xi'an Launch H2 2027
Full Cerberus: infinite sharding, unlimited linear scalability
Xi'an: community-built commercial grade Rust network
Foundation reduced from 70 to 14 staff — real decentralization
Community governance: council elected by 1,151 accounts
500k+ sustained TPS, 800k+ peaks — 590+ nodes, 128 shards
Cassandra: first cross-shard atomic txs in the world
Babylon
Stable Gateway API, Core API, and TypeScript SDK
Institutional Flash Loans and complex atomic operations
Project Ignition: $10M+ injected into DeFi liquidity
Live DeFi ecosystem: Ociswap, DefiPlaza, CaviarNine
Radix Connect: secure mobile-to-desktop P2P connection
Radix Wallet: biometrics, no seed phrases
Transaction Manifests: readable, no blind signing
Radix Engine v2, Smart Accounts, and Personas on Mainnet
Massive Mainnet upgrade (Sept 28, 2023)
Alexandria
First active Scrypto developer community
Developer Toolkit: cargo tools, tests, publishing to Stokenet
Radix Engine v2 in local simulator (resim)
Blueprints & Components: reusable and instantiable contracts
ROA: tokens as physical objects, not records
Scrypto: Rust-based language for secure DeFi
Olympia
Radix Desktop Wallet and Explorer available
2M+ transactions with 100% uptime
50+ TPS, <5 seconds finality
DPoS with ~100 active validators
Cerberus v1: consensus without sharding
Native XRD token with network issuance
Mainnet launch (July 28, 2021)
Deep knowledge
at your fingertips
Whitepapers, technical documentation, code examples, and educational resources to understand and build on Radix.
Whitepapers
The foundational technical papers of Radix: Cerberus consensus, Radix Engine, the ROA (Resource-Oriented Architecture) paradigm, and the vision for infinite linear scalability.
Developer Documentation
Complete guides for Scrypto, Blueprints, Transaction Manifests, APIs (Core, Gateway, Network), SDKs, and step-by-step tutorials for building dApps on Radix.
Scrypto & Resources
Learn Radix's asset-oriented language. Example repositories, syntax guides, and resources for the developer community.
Radix Learn
Educational articles about DeFi, Web3, asset-oriented programming, crypto security, and how Radix solves the fundamental problems of the blockchain industry.
About
Radix
We are building the radically better user and developer experience needed for everyone to confidently use Web3 & DeFi.
Our Mission
To make Web3 and DeFi accessible, secure, and intuitive for everyone, from everyday users to professional developers.
The Tech
A full-stack approach, from the Cerberus consensus algorithm to the Radix Engine and Scrypto language.
The Team
A global team of passionate engineers, researchers, and builders dedicated to solving the hardest problems in crypto.
Ready to build
the future of finance?
Join the institutions and developers already building on the only network designed to scale globally without compromising security.